Millet Farming: millets types and Millet Products

Introduction

Millets, a small healthy seeded grass, belong to the family of Poaceae. Millet is a staple food in countries like Asia and Africa. In India, millet farming has been on the rise in recent years.

Millets are gluten-free and it has a low glycemic index. This cereal grain is rich in protein and other components as well. Millet in Hindi is referred to as Bajra.

The other names of millets are ‘coarse cereals’ or ‘cereals of the poor’

Overview

India is the largest producer of millet in the World. India cultivates mainly two types of Millets known as Pearl millets (Bajra) and Sorghum (Jowar).

According to the World Food Programme, there are an estimated 1.2 billion people who consume millet as their daily diet.

India produces multiple varieties of millet such as finger millet, pearl millet, sorghum, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet, etc.

Millet is not a major crop in the developed countries and It plays a vital role in the balanced diet of many developed countries.

In India, millet production has been on the rise in recent years. The Indian government has also been promoting millet production, as part of the National Food Security Mission.

The United Nations General Assembly declared a 2023 International Millet year.

In this blog, we’ll be looking into Millet farming, millet uses, millet nutrition, and millet health benefits.

Top Producing states

The major millet-producing states are Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Rajasthan’s millet cultivation contributes 28.61% of millet production in India.

Origin

Millets originated in continents like Asia and Africa. This small cereal grain also grows in countries like Nigeria and Africa as well.

Millet Farming, climate, and soil

Millet is a drought-tolerant crop, because of its drought-resistance qualities planting millet crops has increased in India. The Millet crop grows easily in dry, semi-arid regions.

• Temperature: Millet plants require warm temperatures for their growth and development. These plants are sensitive to frost. Farmers plant these in the month of mid-June to July. The optimal temperature stands between 20°C to 30°C
• Irrigation: Millets like Proso and foxtail use water for their growth and these grow well in low moisture environments.

Introduction to Millet Farming

Sorghum farming

Sorghum plants require an average temperature of at least 25 °C to generate maximum grain yields per year. Farmer says that planting is not advisable until the soil temperature has reached 17°C. It has a long growing season, it takes 90 to 120 days and it causes yields to decrease if it has not been planted early.

Plant the seeds with a depth of almost 2 to 5 centimeters. The yields boosted when planted to 10 to 15 percent when optimal use of moisture and sunlight was obtained in 25 cm rows.

Pearl Millets farming

Farmers mostly use pearl millet hybrid varieties for farming purposes. The optimum planting period comes between early June to Mid June. Pearl millet farming requires a 30-inch row width for positive results in the yields.

Pearl millets grow well in certain areas, like drought and low soil fertility. The millets do well in high-temperature climates. This millet is called the summer annual crop. Millet plants are suitable for double cropping and rotation.

Finger Millet Farming

In India, people popularly know it as Ragi. They grow well in hot weather and the planting starts in May to September. For Finger Millet farming using long-duration varieties which is from November to December.

A suitable seedbed is necessary for improved seed germination. Successful finger millet farming requires early land preparation. Weeding is done before seed germination and after seed germination.

Foxtail Millet Farming

Foxtail Millet has great importance in South India. This has been a staple diet for people from the Sangam period itself. Foxtail millets come under the category of Warm season crop.

Farmers plant these millets in the late spring season; they are generally cultivated in both dry and arid regions.

Types of Millets

In India, there are around 20 different types of millets. Millets has a wide range of varieties found in India, Some common millet varieties are;

• Foxtail Millets: Foxtail millet, known as ‘Kangni’ in Hindi, is a staple food in many households. It is rich in fiber and minerals, which contributes to a healthy diet as well.
• Pearl Millets: Pearl millet, commonly known as Bajra in Hindi, is a highly valuable and versatile crop. The Pearl millets are popular for their high protein and fiber content.
• Kodo Millets: Kodo Millets are referred to as ‘Kodo ki Bajra’ in Hindi. Kodo millet is popular for its drought-resistant quality. It’s a highly nutritious and healthy staple food.
• Barnyard Millets: This millet known as ‘Sanwa’ in Hindi, it’s a nutrient-dense cereal grain with a short growth period. It’s a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
• Proso Millets: This millet is popularly known as ‘White Millets’ and in Hindi, it is known as ‘Chena’ or ‘Bari’. It is rich in antioxidants, stimulates the nervous system, and is a great option for Type 2 Diabetes patients. Including Proso millets reduces the process of aging. It contains magnesium, which is beneficial for heart health.
• Finger Millets: Finger Millets are popularly known as ‘Ragi’ in Hindi. This millet has an exceptional nutritional profile, which includes iron and calcium.
• Sorghum Millets: Sorghum millet is commonly called Jowar in India. Indians use these millets to prepare Flatbread and Roti. It has iron, protein, and fiber. It’s said that regular consumption of Sorghum will help to maintain cholesterol levels.

Health Benefits of Millet

Millets are the ultimate source of fiber, it promotes digestive health and weight management. The presence of essential nutrients like Iron, Magnesium, and Phosphorus makes millet a valuable addition to a balanced diet. The presence of antioxidants in the millet contributes to overall well-being. It helps to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Weight Loss: Regular consumption of Millet helps to lose weight. Millets are rich in proteins and contain essential amino acids. These Millets are naturally gluten free and it promotes weight loss. Consuming millet regularly helps to maintain a healthy weight.
• Diabetes: Millets contain complex carbohydrates that have a low Glycemic Index. It helps to regulate healthy blood sugar levels. The high fiber content in the millet slows down the absorption of sugar. It prevents the sudden increase in blood glucose levels. Millets are beneficial for people with diabetes, and those who are prone to developing these conditions.
• Immune system: Millets contain essential vitamins and minerals, including zinc and Vitamin C. It plays a significant role in boosting the immune system. The regular intake of millet can contribute to a strong immune system, protecting the body against several infections.
• Digestive Health: The high dietary fiber content in millets supports digestive health by preventing constipation. It promotes regular bowel movements. The fiber content in the millet acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria. This helps to maintain a healthy gut microbiome.
• Heart health: The essential elements in the millet are fiber, potassium, and magnesium which contribute to heart health. It regulates blood pressure and cholesterol levels in the body. The nutrients present in millets help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It supports overall well-being and the cardiovascular system.
• Bone health: Millets, especially finger millets are rich in calcium. The elements present in cereal crops are great for bone health. Consuming millet regularly contributes to the prevention of bone-related disorders, promoting strong and healthy bones.
• Gluten intolerant: Millets are naturally gluten-free, making them an excellent option for people who have Gluten intolerance or celiac disease. It provides a healthy and nutritious option for those who need to avoid gluten-containing grains like wheat and barley.

Millets Nutrition

Millets are a good source of minerals like zinc, iron, and calcium. These are a great option for people who have gluten sensitivity because it’s gluten-free. The protein contents in millet reduce the risk of heart disease in people, who are prone to heart failure.

Millets	Protein per 100gms	Vitamins	Dietary Fiber	Iron
Finger Millet	7gms	B Vitamin	15gms	Good Source
Foxtail Millet	12gms	B Vitamin	12gms	Present
Sorghum Millet	10gms	B Vitamin	6gms	Present
Proso Millet	12gms	B Vitamin	12gms	Moderate
Kido Millet	9gms	B Vitamin	9gms	Present
Barnyard Millet	11gms	B Vitamin	6gms	Present
Pearl Millet	11gms	B Vitamin	8gms	Present

Dietary fiber

The millet is a rich dietary source, and it improves digestive health, and weight management as well. It helps to prevent various diseases. Dietary fiber is considered a healthy ingredient and it improves fiber intake in the body.

Anti-oxidant properties

Millets contain essential nutrients like antioxidants that help to neutralize the free radicals in the body. It reduces the oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. Antioxidants contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and it supports overall cellular health and well-being.

Vitamins and Minerals

Millets contain a range of vitamins and minerals essential for overall health. Millets contain Vitamins such as Vitamin B niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin along with minerals like phosphorus, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, iron magnesium, etc.

Millets seed

Some Western countries use millet seeds to prepare fodder. Millet seeds are nutrient-packed whole grain. These seeds are small in size and contain high nutritional value. Millets have been a staple food for many countries and cultures as well. They grow in hard, high temperatures making them good choices for farmers.

Millets products and Millets uses

• Millet flour: Ground millet flour is an alternative option for those who have Gluten Allergy and Celiac diseases. Millet Flour has a delightful texture and it adds unique flavor to the bread, muffins, and pancakes.
• Millet cereals: These cereals offer nutritious breakfast options. Adding millet cereals into the daily breakfast provides energy and an alternative to oats cereals.
• Millet snacks: These snacks include crispy millet chips biscuits, snack bars, etc. Nowadays various products of millet snacks are available. These snacks offer healthy alternatives to junk foods available in the market.
• Millet pasta: Millet pasta is gaining popularity as a gluten-free option to the traditional wheat pasta.

Conclusion

In conclusion, millet is rich in fiber, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It offers an alternative option for refined grains, rice, and wheat as well. It promotes better digestion and improves the overall digestive system.

In recent years millets have gained popularity because of their nutritional qualities, gluten and gluten-free nature. Human consumption has increased worldwide because of its well-adaptive growing nature.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the nutritional and health benefits of eating bajra?

Ans: Millets are rich in nutrients, such as iron, magnesium, potassium, and Phosphorus. These minerals play a vital role in maintaining overall health.

2. What are the benefits and side effects of eating bajra grains?

Ans: Benefits of Bajra: Bajra contains essential nutrients like Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and vitamins. It is high in dietary fiber and it helps to promote healthy digestion. It prevents constipation and supports gut health. Bajra is naturally gluten-free and it’s suitable for those with gluten sensitivities and celiac diseases. It consists of a high amount of energy and makes it a great choice for stamina. The magnesium content supports heart health by regulating blood sugar levels. 

Side effects of Bajra: Bajra contains some elements known as anti-nutrients. This might interfere with the absorption of healthy minerals. In some cases, people might experience digestive discomfort after eating bajra.

3. Are there any side effects of eating pearl millet?

Ans: Pearl millets are known to be healthy, but some people may experience side effects or sensitivities. Allergies, Digestive insensitivity, and Kidney stones are some of the side effects of pearl millet. A few individuals might be allergic to pearl millet causing symptoms like itching and digestive issues. Eating an excess amount of millet or not cooking well might lead to digestive discomfort.  

4. Which millet can be used raw for eating, and is it healthy?

Ans: Finger millet also known as ragi, can be eaten raw and considered healthy. Finger millet is rich in nutrients like calcium, iron, and fiber.  

5. Why does Bajra have a bitter taste?

Ans: Bajra is found in the outer layer and this bitter taste can vary among different varieties.

6. What are the benefits of eating millet food products for kids?

Ans:  Millets are rich in important nutrients like vitamins and minerals helping kids grow strong and healthy. Eating millets is easy on the stomach and it makes them suitable for kids.

7. What are the nutrients required for pearl millet growth?

Ans: Growing millets require nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Iron, Zinc, and Magnesium. Farmers often use nitrogen to help with leaf and stem growth. Iron is essential for the formation of chlorophyll which is beneficial for photosynthesis. Zinc helps the millet plants’ metabolic process and growth.

8. What is the difference between bajra, jowar, jau (Barley), and ragi?

Ans: 

	Bajra (Pearl Millet)	Jowar (Sorghum)	Barley (Jau)	Ragi (Finger millet)
Grain Type	Small, round grains	Larger grains, usually round.	Small and long grains	Small, thin grains
Usage	Commonly used as flour for flatbreads and Porridges.	It is commonly used as flour, making porridge, and also as animal feed.	It is mostly used in making malt, flour and soups.	It is Primarily used as flour, for porridges, breads, and baking.
Cultivation	It grows well in dry regions.	It grows in both dry and moist conditions	It is mostly used in making malt, flour, and soups.	It is well-suited for mountain areas and it is rich in nutrients.

9. Which millet has a high iron content? 

Ans: Ragi, also known as finger millet, has a high iron content among millets.

10. Can we eat bajra during pregnancy?

Ans: Yes, bajra is a nutritious grain that provides energy and essential nutrients. It is important to ensure that it is cooked well and consumed in moderation.